City of York Council and Centre for Applied Human Rights

Human Rights and Equity Analysis Tool (HREAT)

An Equality Analysis Tool is an evidence-based approach designed to help organisations ensure that any Policy, Criterion or Practice (PCP), is fair and does not create barriers or disadvantage any protected groups from participation. This covers both strategic and operational activities. 

City of York Council (CYC) combines this approach with York’s commitment as a Human Rights City to produce a Human Rights and Equity Analysis Tool (HREAT).

This document enables CYC to evidence its legal duty to give ‘due regard’ to those with protected characteristics under the Equality Act and consider Human Rights at the same time.

Whether a HREAT is needed or not will depend on the likely impact that a PCP may have and relevance of the activity to equity and Human Rights. 

The HREAT should be started when the need for a new PCP is first identified, or when an existing one is reviewed. It is essential to continue to update the HREIA during the life of the PCP, as and when new information is learned. It is not complete until the PCP is complete.

Non-discrimination is a minimum standard. The development of the HREAT should prompt critical discussion and highlight disproportionate impacts.

Balancing residents’ rights and CYC duties can be very complex and sometimes there will be no ‘win-win’, so compromises or mitigations may need to be identified to ensure the best outcomes. 

Finally, the value in a HREAT is in both the short and long term, by investing in this process CYC will create robust, meaningful, and empowering policies that are more likely to stand the test of time.

Who is submitting the proposal?

Directorate		Housing & Communities / City Development
Service Area		Housing Delivery Programme (HDP) / Development and regeneration
Name of proposal		Housing Delivery Programme Delivery Strategy
Lead Officer		Zoe Dunn, Head of Housing Delivery
Date Assessment Started		March 2026
Date Assessment Completed		March 2026
Names of those who contributed to the assessment
Name	Job Title		Organisation	Area of Expertise
Zoe Dunn	Head of Housing Delivery		CYC	Housing delivery and regeneration
Laura Swiszczowski	Head of Equity, Diversity and Inclusion		CYC	Equity, Diversity and Inclusion

1.1	What is the purpose of the proposal
	Please explain your proposal in plain English avoiding acronyms and jargon.  Consider using Age 9 English.
	1. City of York Council has built a strong, proven track record of delivering high-quality homes and placemaking. Through the Housing Delivery Programme (HDP), the Council has successfully delivered new homes at Lowfield Green, Duncombe Square and Burnholme Green. The Council has also completed refurbishment and retrofit at Bell Farm, redevelopment of Marjorie Waite Court, Lincoln Court and a refurbishment of Glen Lodge. 2. The Council has, over recent years, committed to delivering 100% affordable homes on a number of Council-owned sites and is actively progressing this commitment. This includes demolishing buildings at Ordnance Lane and securing a new planning permission; developing a new business case for Castle Mills; submitting a planning application for Willow House and advancing regeneration proposals for Walmgate; and bringing forward proposals for supported housing at Lowfield Plot A. The Council has also developed a programme to improve and expand Gypsy and Traveller accommodation in the city. The Council has secured significant external grant funding to help unlock delivery. Each of these proposals has been shaped through extensive engagement with local communities and stakeholders to ensure they meet York’s housing needs. The Council also continues to work in partnership with Registered Providers (RPs) to bring forward delivery of 100% affordable housing on smaller Council sites. 3. To unlock the next phase of delivery, develop at pace and scale, and with reduced risk to the Council - this report seeks approval for a new long-term Delivery Strategy. The Strategy proposes appointing a Strategic Delivery Partner (such as a housebuilder or contractor) to deliver new build housing within the HDP pipeline. This partnership approach is designed to accelerate delivery and strengthen resilience in challenging market conditions, while also supporting wider ambitions across the public estate, including opportunities linked to One Public Estate, health-estate renewal and neighbourhood-based regeneration. 4. Through this Partnership, the Council will aim to deliver over 315 new affordable homes (subject to planning and viability) across an initial phase of five Council-owned sites: Ordnance Lane, Willow House, Lowfield Plot A, Castle Mills and Manor School. Ordnance Lane and Willow House are anticipated to start on site with early site mobilisation and preparation activity shortly after contracts are agreed. Demolition work at Willow House is expected to start over the next few months, in readiness for the Strategic Delivery Partner to build the new homes. 5. The Delivery Strategy has also been designed as a flexible vehicle for future growth, capable of supporting the delivery of additional sites in the HDP, as well as major strategic sites that may come forward through wider Council asset programmes or One Public Estate partnership work. This includes complex public sector or brownfield regeneration opportunities involving NHS, Ministry of Defence or other public landholdings. The proposed governance and delegations ensure that (subject to future Executive decisions) the Partnership can enable faster, more coordinated delivery across the wider public sector estate, contributing to citywide ambitions for new homes, regeneration, health facilities, community spaces and placemaking. The scale and scope of delivery achieved through the Partnership will be subject to governance, viability, market appetite and prevailing market conditions. 6. The proposal responds directly to the current economic climate and the continued need to deliver affordable homes at pace and scale. A programme-based long-term Delivery Strategy aims to secure greater value, consistency and efficiency. Crucially, it also creates a platform to deliver a lasting social value legacy for York, with a city focused long-term Social Value Plan aligned to the Council Plan’s priorities. The Strategic Delivery Partner will be required to invest in local skills, employment, apprenticeships and York’s supply chain, ensuring the benefits extend well beyond the construction period and contribute meaningfully to the city’s long-term social and economic wellbeing. 7. The Partnership is envisaged to support delivery over the long-term, over a period of approximately 10 years, with potential 5-year extensions, subject to partner performance and CYC approvals on a site-by-site or group basis. The Partnership does not guarantee work to the Partner, with all schemes subject to separate business cases, viability testing, governance and site-by-site contract awards. 8. The Partnership model promotes collaborative programme management, drawing on the Partner’s technical expertise to lead design development, planning, and delivery. Designs and planning applications will continue to be developed in line with CYC requirements and in consultation with local residents and stakeholders. The Council will act as a robust client and contract manager, retaining control over key design, quality, tenure and specification requirements, with the Partner acting as development and delivery manager. The Council’s internal teams will continue to play a central role in programme leadership, design oversight, quality assurance, and community engagement. 9. Under this Strategy, the Council is anticipated to retain strong control over the delivery of each scheme, with site-specific contract awards and detailed, robust contractual requirements. No major construction contract will proceed without an updated business case being brought back to Executive for approval. 10. The Strategy promotes improved cost certainty and programme management by effectively aligning key delivery risks, such as design development and planning, with the Partner, while the Council retains strong control and oversight. 11. To support this Strategy and the wider work of the HDP, the Council plans to procure an expert client-side multidisciplinary professional team, providing specialist cost, commercial, design, contract administration, site inspection, viability and technical advice and oversight. This team will support the Council in ensuring robust programme management. The Council also has experience of development partnership working as part of its engagement on York Central. 12. To safeguard the delivery of 100% affordable housing schemes, this report proposes a necessary shift from the current requirement in the HDP Design Manual to deliver Passivhaus-certified homes. This proposal is driven by the fact that the current programme has not secured a sufficiently strong response from the market to build the new homes. A combination of factors has contributed to this position including current market conditions, risk allocation, and the complexity and buildability of schemes as presently configured, including the requirements associated with Passivhaus-certification, alongside the affordability challenges associated with the current approach. 13. It is proposed that new homes are delivered to the Homes England Healthy Homes Standard (Annex A) to ensure that new homes support residents’ health, comfort, and wellbeing. This Standard maintains a high-quality, low carbon approach. It achieves EPC A rating on all houses, as well as flats where technically achievable. As flatted developments have less roof space relative to the number of homes, this can constrain the amount of onsite solar PV available to support achieving EPC A ratings. New homes will also exceed current national Building Regulations and align with the forthcoming Future Homes Standard. The Council is also reviewing potential enhancements, such as consideration of recognised approaches to building energy performance, such as the Association for Environment Conscious Building (AECB). The proposed approach aims to safeguard the delivery of much-needed genuinely affordable housing, by ensuring that homes are affordable to build, manage and maintain over the long-term.

Step 1 – Aims and intended outcomes

1.2	Are there any external considerations?
	Legislation / government directive / codes of practice etc.
	Equality Act 2010 (Public Sector Equality Duty), Human Rights Act 1998, Subsidy Control Act 2022, Procurement Act 2023/PCR 2015, Housing Act 1985, Local Government Acts 1972/2003/2011, Homes England and other grant funders’ funding/standards.

1.3	Who are the stakeholders and what are their interests?
	Consider both internal and external stakeholders.
	Council tenants and applicants (including disabled residents, carers, low-income households, older people), shared ownership customers, local communities, Members, local SMEs and supply chains, Registered Providers, funders (HE/YNYCA), statutory services and utilities, planning/highways authorities, and delivery partners.

1.4	What results / outcomes do we want to achieve and for whom?
	Explain what outcomes you want to achieve for stakeholders, staff and the wider community.  Demonstrate how the proposal links to the Council Plan (2023- 2027) and other corporate strategies and plans. Highlight how the proposal meets the objectives of Equalities, Affordability, Climate and Health.
	The proposal directly supports: · The Council Plan ‘One city for all’ (2023 - 2027), particularly Priority (e) to increase the supply of affordable housing. · The Homelessness and Rough Sleeping Strategy (2024 - 2029), through the expansion of social housing. · The Climate Change Strategy (2022 - 2032), through the delivery of energy‑efficient, low‑carbon homes and sustainable neighbourhoods. · The Health and Wellbeing Strategy (2022 - 2032), by addressing health inequalities linked to poor quality housing. High‑quality housing, regeneration and placemaking is fundamental to achieving better health and wellbeing outcomes, improved educational attainment and stronger economic resilience for local communities. The Council and its new Partner will continue to support these wider outcomes. Delivering affordable and sustainable housing is also a key priority for the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority (YNYCA).

Step 2 – Resources utilised

3.1	What sources of data, evidence and consultation feedback have you used to help understand the impact of the proposal on equality rights and human rights?
	Please consider a range of sources, including consultation exercises, surveys, feedback from staff, stakeholders, participants, research reports, the views of equality groups, as well your own experience of working in this area etc.
	Source of data / supporting evidence	Reason for using this source
	Executive Report: Housing Delivery Programme Delivery Strategy	Provides the underlying rationale, design standards, governance, site pipeline, risks and mitigations informing equalities impacts.
	Homes England Healthy Homes Standard	Sets the proposed housing design and performance requirements forming part of the Delivery Strategy.
	CYC Housing Need & Affordability Data	Establishes who is currently in need, affordability pressures, and the profile of affected residents.
	Feedback from community engagement on different schemes to date	Provides insights into resident priorities, preferences and concerns across diverse communities, many of whom have protected characteristics. This enables officers to better understand the impact of the proposal and individual development scheme proposals on equality rights and human rights.

Step 3 – Screening the impacts or effects.

3.1

Equality-related obligations derive from the Equality Act of 2010 and the Human Rights Act of 1998.

Once you have engaged with stakeholders you will need to identify how this proposal impacts on their human rights and equalities. Although table one looks complex, its purpose is to facilitate an initial screening of equalities and human rights impacts of your proposal. Many human rights and equalities will not be affected by the decision you are seeking Executive or Council approval for and so can be left blank. The aim here is to identify pressure points regarding human rights and equalities that require attention. Please see the Appendix for details of the protected characteristics and human rights to consider The rights listed below in the first column are the relevant ones from the Human Rights Act, and the York Human Rights City Network Indicator Report (non-discrimination, education, health and social care, housing, a decent standard of living). The human rights in the Indicator Report were selected by residents of York as their priority rights. In the first row the protected characteristics under the Equality Act are listed, to which ‘Everyone’ has been added to capture impacts that affect everyone without distinction.

Step 3.1 Table 1 – Screening the impacts or effects

Equalities Human Rights

Everyone

Age inc financial, digital exclusion impacts

Disability inc financial, digital exclusion impacts

Gender

Gender reassignment inc Trans, Non-binary, Intersex

Marriage & civil partnership

Pregnancy and maternity

Race

Religion and belief

Sexual orientation

Carers inc  financial, digital exclusion impacts

Low-income groups: financial, digital exclusion impacts

Veteran, armed forces community

Other – Those with experience of Care

Right to life*

Prohibition of torture*

Prohibition of slavery and forced labour*

Right to liberty, movement and security (including freedom of movement)***

Right to a fair trial*

No punishment without law*

Right to private and family life***

Positive

x

x

x

x

Freedom of thought, conscience, and belief***

Freedom of expression***

Freedom of assembly***

Right to marry***

Right to property***

Right to education***

Right to free elections***

Right to housing***

Positive *1

x

x

x

x

*1 The Delivery Strategy is expected to have positive impacts across equality groups by increasing the supply of 100% affordable, accessible, low‑carbon homes, reducing fuel poverty, improving health and wellbeing, and securing city‑wide social value (local jobs, apprenticeships, skills, SME supply‑chain opportunities).

Adverse impacts (e.g., construction disruption or land assembly at specific sites) are limited, lawful, proportionate and mitigated through consultation, phased delivery and Executive/Full Council approval processes.

Step 3.2 Table 2 – Assessing the impact of your proposal

Here you will need to record the details on all the impacts identified for both Human Rights and those with Protected Characteristics.

Where you have identified an impact on a protected characteristic/human right in the table above, please indicate whether this is positive or negative and give a description of this impact. If you run out of rows, please add as necessary.

Rights clashes and restrictions

Where rights clash or are being restricted, you will need to explain how the decision has been taken, that the limitation on human rights is provided by law, for a legitimate purpose (justified), and proportionate (the minimum necessary restriction on rights).

Use the following guidance to inform your responses:

First, think about what equalities or rights might be engaged by the proposal, and describe the likely impact of the proposal, and provide an evaluation.

Use the following questions to inform your responses if human rights or equalities are limited or qualified in any way:

· Why are a person’s rights being restricted?

· What is the problem being addressed by the restriction on someone’s rights?

· Will the restriction lead to a reduction in the problem?

· Does that restriction involve a blanket policy, or does it allow for different cases to be treated differently?

· Does a less restrictive alternative exist?

· Has sufficient regard been paid to the rights and interests of those affected?

· Do safeguards exist against error or abuse?

Table 2

Characteristic or Human Right affected	Positive or Negative impact	Impact Description	Evaluation or Justification
Age	Positive	Delivery of warm, energy‑efficient homes with a high proportion of accessible/adaptable homes will form part of the contractual requirements.	The proposed strategy continues to prioritise the delivery of high-quality, low carbon homes, as well as promoting accessibility and affordability.  The proposal supports a more deliverable and viable programme, reducing the risk of delay or non-delivery of affordable housing. While the Healthy Homes Standard and Future Homes Standard are strong requirements, it may reduce some of the environmental performance benefits of the new homes compared to the existing approach. On balance, this approach is expected to have a positive impact by enabling the delivery of much needed genuinely affordable housing, supporting a wide range of residents, including those with protected characteristics.
Disability	Positive	Delivery of a high proportion of accessible/adaptable homes designed to Nationally Described Space Standards and Healthy Homes standard, with step‑free routes and inclusive design principles, will form part of the contractual requirements. CYC will have design and planning approval rights.	As above
Pregnancy / Maternity	Positive	Safe, healthy living conditions; proximity to services.	As above
Race / Religion / Sexual orientation / Gender reassignment	Positive	Inclusive design will form part of the contractual requirements, along with ongoing open and meaningful community engagement. CYC will follow fair allocations policies for the new affordable homes.	As above
Carers / Low-income households	Positive	Affordable rents, lower running costs, improved stability; SV commitments create employment/skills pathways.	As above
Human rights (housing, private/family life)	Positive	Increased access to adequate, secure, energy efficient housing.	As above

Step 4 – Gaps in data and knowledge

4.1	What are the main gaps in information and understanding of the impact of your proposal?
	When conducting your screening, you may have discovered gaps in data or knowledge that make it difficult to assess whether your proposal had a positive or negative impact on human rights/equalities. Please indicate actions you will take to resolve this gap. As your proposal progresses you may be able to resolve this knowledge gap –please indicate when it was resolved.
	Gaps in data or knowledge	Action to deal with this	Date resolved
	Limited insight from harder to reach groups	Build targeted engagement into each site’s consultation plan (translations, accessible formats).
	Future decants or temporary relocation needs (if required at specific sites)	Assessed at scheme gateway with support provided where possible as needed.

Step 5 - Maximising positive impacts

5.1

What has been done to optimise opportunities to advance equality / human rights or foster good relations?

· Adopt Healthy Homes Standard and Future Homes Standard to deliver accessible, low carbon, low cost, healthy homes for all residents. · Implement a York specific Social Value Plan, embedding local employment, apprenticeships, skills development and SME supply chain growth across the whole programme. · Maintain Executive and governance approvals, ensuring affordability, equality impacts and design quality can be checked at each site. · Ensure all communications and engagement materials are accessible (for example, Easy Read, BSL, translations). · Use targeted outreach to include marginalised groups in design/consultation. · Retain CYC control over design specification to maintain inclusive, safe, accessible built environment standards.

Step 6 – Recommendations and conclusions of the assessment

6.1	Having considered the potential or actual impacts you should be in a position to make an informed judgement on what should be done. In all cases, document your reasoning that justifies your decision.
	Important: If there are any adverse impacts you cannot mitigate, please provide a compelling reason in the justification column.  There are four main options you can take:
	No major change to the proposal	The HREAT demonstrates the proposal is robust.  There is no potential for unlawful discrimination or adverse impact and you have taken all opportunities to advance equality / human rights and foster good relations, subject to continuing monitor and review.
	Adjust the proposal	The HREAT identifies potential problems or missed opportunities. This involves taking steps to remove any barriers, to better advance quality or to foster good relations.
	Continue with the proposal (despite the potential for adverse impact)	You should clearly set out the justifications for doing this and how you believe the decision is compatible with our obligations
	Stop and remove the proposal	If there are adverse effects that are not justified and cannot be mitigated, you should consider stopping the proposal altogether. If a proposal leads to unlawful discrimination it should be removed or changed.

Option Selected

Conclusion / justifications

No major change to proposal.

The Delivery Strategy demonstrates strong positive impacts on equality, socioeconomic fairness and human rights. Increased affordable supply, higher standards of accessibility, lower running costs and a long-term social value legacy all advance equality. Any adverse impacts are limited and fully mitigated through legal safeguards (CPO), inclusive design, site specific EIAs, proportional engagement and Executive/Full Council control.

Step 7 – Summary of agreed actions resulting from the assessment

7.1	What action, by whom, will be undertaken as a result of the impact assessment.
	List below the actions or mitigations that have been identified and who will be responsible to carrying them out.  Add as many lines as you need.
	Impact / Issue	Actions to be taken	Person Responsible	Timescale
	Inclusive engagement	Targeted engagement will be used to reach groups who may be less likely to access standard consultation methods, including residents without digital access, older residents and young people	HDP / City Development / Comms	Pre‑planning and Construction
	Social value delivery	Establish Social Value Plan (including jobs, apprenticeships, SME spend)	HDP / City Development	At contract award
	Land assembly impacts	Apply proportionate safeguards; voluntary negotiation first; appropriate levels of engagement	HDP / Legal / Property	As required per site
	Maintaining accessibility and build quality	Embed CYC Employer’s Requirements (Healthy Homes, Nationally Described Space Standards, accessibility) into legal agreements and conduct ongoing site inspections through client-side team to ensure Requirements are delivered	Client-side team / SDP	Ongoing (design through to handover)

Step 8 - Monitor, review and improve

8.1	How will the impact of your proposal be monitored and improved upon going forward?
	Consider how will you identify the impact of activities on protected characteristics, other marginalised groups and human rights going forward? How will any learning and enhancements be capitalised on and embedded?
	Regular Board reporting on SV Plan delivery and performance, and equality impacts and outcomes. Continuous learning and lessons learned incorporated into wider programme delivery. CYC will conduct a residents’ survey to identify the impact of activities, broken down by protected characteristic.

Appendix A

Equity, Diversity & Inclusion (EDI): Protected characteristics

Under the public sector duties introduced by the Equality Act 2010 public bodies must have due regard for the need to:

· Eliminate unlawful discrimination, harassment and victimisation and other conduct prohibited by the act, such as the failure to make reasonable adjustments for disabled people

· Advance equality of opportunity between people who share a protected characteristic and those who do not

· Foster good relations between people who share a protected characteristic and those who do not

These duties relate to the nine protected characteristic groups defined by the Equality Act 2010 (outlined in the table below).

The Council recognises that a person’s socio-economic background and whether they live in a rural or urban location can be important factors in determining fair access to services, employment and treatment. When carrying out analysis, you must also consider socio-economic issues and rural / urban location issues. In addition to the nine protected characteristic the HREAT includes the following equality groups:

· Carers

· Low income groups

· Veterans, armed forces community

· Experience of care/Other (other groups that are impacted)

Human rights differ from equalities in two main ways:

- First, human rights apply to everyone and not just groups with protected characteristics.

- Second, they allow for the balancing of rights, priorities, and risks. Many rights are not absolute and can be limited or qualified in particular circumstances.

The following guidance identifies which rights are most likely to be engaged by proposals in certain policy areas. This doesn’t mean that you should not consider whether other rights might be engaged.

There are three types of human rights in the Human Rights Act:

Absolute rights:  Cannot be breached in any circumstances e.g. right to life and to protection from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment.

Limited rights: can only be restricted in specific situations e.g. a person can be deprived of their liberty if they are convicted of an offence and imprisoned.

Qualified rights: human rights can be restricted if it is in the interests of the wider community or to protect other people’s rights e.g. freedom of movement and assembly were restricted during the Covid-19 pandemic in the interests of public health.

As limited and qualified rights are not absolute, they sometimes have to be balanced in decision making. In Table 1, absolute rights are indicated with an *; limited rights with a **; and qualified rights with a ***.

Right	Description	Focus Area
Right to life	Nobody, including the Government, can take someone’s life away. Public authorities must take appropriate measures to safeguard life including by protecting people whose life might be in danger. Public authorities should also consider the right to life when making decisions that might endanger or affect life expectancy. When public officials may be involved in an instance when someone died, public authorities must investigate.	· Benefits and money · Births, deaths and marriages · Children and families · Environment and animals · Health and social care · Housing · Planning and building · Waste and recycling
Right to liberty and security	It focuses on protecting individuals’ freedom from unreasonable detention, as opposed to protecting personal safety. However, there is case law from other jurisdictions where this right also covers personal safety in conditions other than detention.	· Right to liberty and security

Freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment	Torture consists in causing very serious and cruel physical or mental pain or suffering. Inhuman treatment or punishment is treatment which causes intense physical or mental suffering. Degrading treatment means treatment that is extremely humiliating and undignified. Inhuman or degrading treatment could include: serious physical assault; very severe detention conditions or restraints; serious physical or  psychological abuse in a health or care setting.	· Children and families · Health and social care
Right to marry and start a family	Right of men and women of marriageable age to marry and to start a family.	· Births, deaths and marriages
Prohibition of slavery and forced labour	Slavery is when someone owns someone else like a piece of property. Servitude is when someone provides services to a person for no reward and is unable to stop due to coercion. Forced or compulsory labour is when someone is forced to do work to which they have not agreed to, under the threat of punishment.	· Children and families · Jobs, training and volunteering · People and communities
Right to a fair trial	This right is triggered when someone is charged with a criminal offence and have to go to court, or a public authority is making a decision that has an impact on someone’s civil rights or obligations.	· Environment and animals · Health and social care · People and communities · Streets, roads and pavements
No punishment without law	No one can be charged with a criminal offence for an action that was not a crime when it was committed. Public authorities must explain clearly what counts as a criminal offence so that people know when they are breaking the law.	· Environment and animals · People and communities · Streets, roads and pavements
Right to property	No public authority, without very good reason can take away one’s property, which may include things like land, houses, objects, shares, licences, leases, patents, money, pensions and certain types of welfare benefits. This right applies to companies as well as individuals.	· Benefits and money · Business · Council tax · Environment and animals · Housing · Planning and building · Travel and transport · Streets, roads & pavements · Waste and recycling
Right to private and family life, home and correspondence	This includes one’s right to determine their sexual orientation, lifestyle, and the way one looks and dresses. It also includes the right to control who sees and touches one’s body. It further covers one’s right to develop their personal identity and to forge friendships and other relationships, the right to participate in essential economic, social, cultural and leisure activities. In some circumstances, public authorities may need to facilitate the enjoyment of one’s right to a private life, including their ability to participate in society. It also means that personal information about anyone (including official records, photographs, letters, diaries and medical records) should be kept securely and not shared without their permission, except in certain circumstances.	· Benefits and money · Births, deaths and marriages · Children and families · Health and social care · Jobs, training and volunteering · Parking and permits · Planning and building · Schools and education · Sports and leisure
Right to free elections	Public authorities must support the right to free expression by holding free elections at reasonable intervals. These elections must enable anyone to vote in secret.	· Births, deaths and marriages · People and communities
Freedom of thought, conscience and belief	This may include the right to change religion or beliefs, the right to put one’s thoughts and beliefs into action, for example by exercising the right to wear religious clothing, the right to talk about one’s own beliefs or take part in religious worship. Public authorities cannot stop anyone from practising their religion, without very good reason.  This right protects a wide range of non-religious beliefs including atheism, agnosticism, veganism and pacifism. This includes the right to express views aloud (for example through public protest and demonstrations) or through published articles, books or leaflets, television or radio broadcasting, works of art, the internet and social media. It further protects the right to receive information from other people by, for example, being part of an audience or reading a magazine.	· Business · Schools and education
Freedom of expression	This includes the right to express views aloud (for example through public protest and demonstrations) or through published articles, books or leaflets, television or radio broadcasting, works of art, the internet and social media. It further protects the right to receive information from other people by, for example, being part of an audience or reading a magazine.	· Business · Environment and animals · People and communities · Schools and education · Sports and leisure
Freedom of assembly and association	This encompasses the right to form and be part of a trade union, a political party or any another association or voluntary group. Nobody has the right to force anyone to join a protest, trade union, political party or another association.	· Environment and animals · Jobs, training and volunteering · People and communities · Travel and transport · Streets, roads and pavements
Right to education	This right protects one’s right to an effective education within the UK's existing educational institutions. It relates to primary, secondary, and higher education. Parents have a right to ensure that their religious and philosophical beliefs are respected during their children’s education.	· Children and families · Environment and animals · Jobs, training and volunteering · People and communities · Schools and education · Sports and leisure
Right to housing	Adequate housing must provide more than four walls and a roof. For housing to be adequate, it must, at a minimum, meet the following criteria: Security of tenure, that is legal protection against forced evictions, harassment and other threats; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability, which means that housing is not adequate if its cost threatens or compromises the occupants’ enjoyment of other human rights;  Habitability, which relates to physical safety or adequate space, as well as protection against the cold, damp, heat, rain, wind, other threats to health and structural hazards; accessibility, in that it must accommodate the specific needs of disadvantaged and marginalised groups; location, which means that it must not be cut off from employment opportunities, health-care services, schools, childcare centres and other social facilities, or it must not be located in polluted or dangerous areas; cultural adequacy, which means that it must respect and take into account the expression of cultural identity.	· Benefits and money · Housing · People and communities · Planning and building · Waste and recycling